Types of Services Offred by Bank Essay Example for Free

Types of Services Offred by Bank Essay (The Economic Times (India) Via Thomson Dialog NewsEdge)Banks offer the following services to account holders at their specified branches multi-city / Payable at Par (PAP) cheque facility, anywhere banking facility, trade services, phone banking facility, internet banking facility, credit card, debit/ATM card, mobile banking and Real Time Gross Settlement. Foreign banks are expanding the number of products on offer, their complexity such as derivatives, leverage financing. Doorstep banking facilities are being offered by some of these banks to cater to convenience lifestyle of its customers. Private banks are extending services including wealth management and equity trading apart from credit cards. How do banks price their services? The pricing mechanism is dependent on client relationship and the nature of the transaction. The pricing can be arrived at by profiling customers into different segments. The large corporate segment comprises of the bulk and large value transactions. This segment is characterised by multiple service relationships. The pricing in this segment is transaction based and depends on the size of transactions and on the banks relationship with the corporate. Hence, the pricing is decided on a one to one basis and public. The other segments comprise the brokers, small and medium enterprises (SME), other banks and the retail segment. In each of these cases, the pricing is not made public and is determined on the basis of the nature of the transaction and the banks relationship with the client, on a one to one basis. Typically, high volumes and low value characterise the SME segment. Therefore the pricing for this segment differs from that of the large corporates. Similarly the pricing for the banks is very different. In the retail segment, the bank publishes its tariff. How do services contribute to the banks income? Increasingly banks are witnessing a growth in their non-interest or fee-based incomes. With interest spreads decreasing, banks have little option but to ramp up their revenues from fee-based income. Fee-based income constitutes a major portion of a banks other income. The ratio of other income to total income is an indicator of the size of fee-based income. Treasury incomes of public sector banks are no longer the major revenue driver and have been coming down as a result of rising interest rates. Volatility of interest rates are compelling banks to increase their fee based income. What is non-fund based income? The non-fund based income comprises of revenues from both financial commitment and services rendered. Financial commitment includes guarantees, letters of credit and bankers acceptances etc. The fees charged may vary from bank to bank and is dependant on the relationship of the bank with the client and the size of the transaction. On the other hand, the revenues from services rendered include fees from funds transfer and enabling services like ATM, internet banking etc. The revenues from funds transfer come from corporate services such as cash management, foreign exchange remittances and from retail services including drafts, pay orders etc. Which is the most important component for the fee-based income of banks? The cash management business contributes to banks fee based revenue stream in a major way. The cash management business comprises four types of services including collection of outstation cheques, disbursement of outstation cheques, payment of dividends, interest, and refunds and e-business. The tariff differs depending on the volumes, the banks profitability and the banks relationship with the client. As a proportion of the total fee based income, cash management is the most important component. The other streams of income like auto loans, personal loans, loans against shares among others are residual. When did RBI grant freedom to banks to prescribe service charges? Indian Banks Association (IBA) has dispensed with the practice of prescribing service charges to be levied by banks for various services rendered by them. With effect from September 1999, the Reserve Bank has granted freedom to banks to prescribe service charges with the approval of respective board of directors. Why is RBI taking note of different service charges levied by banks? RBI has been receiving representations from the public about unreasonable and non-transparent service charges being levied by the banks. The RBI has directed the banks to display and update on their web sites, offices and branches, the details of the charges pre-scribed by them for various services. It has advised the banks to display the charges in specified formats. The display may also be in local language. Hitherto, it was left to the banks to fix charges consistent with the cost of providing these services and also to ensure that customers with low value/volume of transactions were not penalised.

Sphere :: Sphere

Michael Crichton uses three common devices with ease in his novel, Sphere.   The devices being: rhetoric, semantics, and style.   Crichton uses these devices to incorporate a sense of unity in the writing.   It is not difficult to incorporate this unity into a novel when the devices are properly used.   When doing so, they flow together to create a more visual experience for the reader.   These devices of writing are what create the environment for an understandable, yet interesting storyline.   Rhetoric is the art of using language effectively and persuasively.   In doing so, the use of rhetoric fits in with how the writer of the story thinks and speaks.   Crichton is an intellectual, yet he does not write in a sense where the reader cannot understand.   He chooses to discuss many intellectual concepts, but in the process, Crichton makes them easy to understand by explaining them simply.   â€Å"The wasn’t geometric.   And it wasn’t amorphous or organic, either.   It was hard to say what it was.† (Crichton, 117)   In this excerpt, Crichton makes reference to a pattern.   He describes it enough to leave the feeling of not knowing what it is besides just a simple pattern.   Therefore, creating the feeling in which the characters feel.   Semantics refer to the study of language forms.   In Sphere, the language is not too different.   Every character in the novel is in fact an intellectual in one form or another.   They speak correct grammar, and communicate well with each other. The social environment, which is formed, makes for smooth transitions of communication.   The linguistics Crichton chose to use made the novel more appealing to the average reader.   Style can be defined as the way the author chooses to portray the characters and setting in his story.   Crichton picks a parallel in his novel.   The plot of Sphere deals with space exploration and alien existence.   Yet Crichton does not put the setting in outer space, but in the deep sea.   This parallelism is the basis for his entire novel.   Throughout the story, the unexpected occurs.   Even the main characters are unexpected.

Batas Militar Essay

Batas Militar, commonly known in its English translation as â€Å"Martial Law†. As stated in the 1973 Constitution of the Philippine Republic that the Prime Minister as the Commander-in-Chief may declare Martial Law under the same conditions, â€Å"in case of invasion, insurrection or rebellion, or imminent danger thereof, the public safety requires it. This proclamation also suspended the Writ of Habeas Corpus, this suspends the human rights of an accused person to be fight for what he believe is right in front of an authority, but instead his fate depends upon the attitude of the President towards him. On the first days of this proclamation, I believe the country responded well, because they also believe that the Philippines is sick, rebellion against the government has been in power in some rural places and communist armed forces are trying to invade the nation. But I also believed that the authority who is Ferdinand Marcos during that time exceeded to his limitations as t he head of state. During the Martial law, Marcos amended the constitution for several times and I believe he used this for his own good. Democracy has been ceased and no news opposing the Marcos administration can be seen in broadsheet and even in the broadcast media such as radio and television, they also put into closure those media stations that attack the wrong doings and failures of the Marcos administration. They put into prison those people whose only objective is to say what they think is right and what they think is best for the nation. Democracy and human rights has been violated during this time, not to mention the allegations of corruption and violation of its own constitution has been brought to President Marcos. I certainly believed that during the Martial Law era, not to mention the good things that this proclamation brought to us such as discipline, obedience and loyalty to the one who is in power. This proclamation of Martial law has been used by the authorities in such a way that the citizens of this nation will hate them, violating their own constitution, corrupting the money of the people, corrupting the rights of the citizens, corrupting the minds of the military whose prime objective is to defend the nation and not to hurt the citizens. Human Rights should not be sacrificed just to obtain a common goal. In order for us to move forward, we should set our goals and vision with due respect to the rights of the citizens and respect to our own constitution.

Is it necessary for a Country to be governed by a Constitution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2434 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Is it necessary for a Country to be governed by a Constitution? Discuss Table of Contents 1Introduction 1.1Objectives 2Written and Unwritten Constitutions 2.1Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Perspective 2.2Criticisms of a Written Constitution 2.3UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Outlook on the Unwritten Constitution 3Conclusion 4Bibliography 4.1Primary Sources 4.2Secondary Sources 5Appendix 5.1Images of the Code of Hammurabi 5.2Preamble of Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution, 2010 5.3Research Techniques Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Is it necessary for a Country to be governed by a Constitution?" essay for you Create order 1 Introduction Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law dictionary defines the constitution as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the fundamental and organic law of a nation or state that establishes the institutions and apparatus of government, defines the scope of governmental sovereign powers, and guarantees individual civil rights and civil liberties.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [1] Constitutions are classified as written or unwritten, flexible or rigid. Although ancient laws have always been there, the oldest known constitution which best exemplify the modern constitution is the Code of Hammurabi which was first discovered in 1902 but dates back as far as 1758 BC. The stone monument has the penal laws, the law of persons, family law and price lists engraved on it. [2]See Appendix 5.1 on the images of the Code of Hammurabi. The Lancaster House Conferences which were around 1953 to 1979 initiated by the British Empire in preparation for its colonies towards Independence drafted Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first constitution. Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â €š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Political Parties and the British Parliament drafted Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s first Independent Constitution in 1963. In the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s international pressure for good governance, institutional reforms, economic decay and social breakdown ushered the formation of the Constitution of Kenya Review Act (2002) to spearhead constitutional reforms. In the end, a referendum was done to adopt the current Constitution on the 4th August 2010.[3] 1.1 Objectives In this research we seek to find out: The difference between written and unwritten constitutions. The significance of a constitution to a countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s development. 2 Written and Unwritten Constitutions Constitutions in general provide a normative framework for governance and they take written or unwritten forms. The constitutional principle is entrenched in three sources: usages and customs of the people; values attributed to relevant textual constitutional sources and principles of international law ratified by the state.[4] A constitution is important in the governance and development of a state as it identifies with the ideals and practices of the people, protects their interests and safeguards their rights. In this section we will look at the different perspectives of a written constitution in Kenya and UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unwritten constitution. 2.1 Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Perspective As the future legal minds in Kenya, we have the responsibility of interpreting the law to the masses. To answer questions on why the rights of the poor are still infringed despite the constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s note on equality and why educational resources, infrastructure and other social amenities are different in urbanised areas compared to rural areas? Article 10 of Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution on National Values and Principles of Governance which inter alia talks of sustainable development, good governance and protection of the marginalised does not reflect such practices in real life.[5] Despite the setbacks of the current constitution, Kenya still needs a written constitution. The Preamble of Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s 2010 Constitution outline the objectives of the Constitution as compared to the old constitution which had no preamble. In the Preamble, the constitution identifies with aspects of freedom and justice, ethnic, cultural and religious diversity , equality, democracy and rule of law as the principle factors enshrined in the Supreme Law. The preamble serves as a guideline to the principles that govern the republic. See Appendix 5.2 for the preamble. The Constitution divides powers of different state organs using the doctrine of separation of powers. Chapters Eight, Nine and Ten of the Constitution state the principles, processes, roles and functions of the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary respectively. The doctrine ensures balance, accountability and no state official misuses the power conferred to him or her. The diversity of the Constitution recognizes and supports laws made by other state organs and general international laws as part of the Laws of Kenya. Article Two of the Constitution allows International laws, treaties and conventions ratified by Kenya to form part of the Laws of Kenya. Chapter Eight describes the establishment and role of Parliament, Senate and Nation Assembly as law making and law conferri ng bodies. [6] Ethnic communities like the Maasai, Turkana and Samburu in isolated geographical areas experience only marginal participation in the social and economic life of Kenya. The Constitution builds development through recognising and protecting marginalised groups and compensates for previous losses of under development in these areas by affirmative action programs like special education programs, access to employment opportunities, programs to develop cultural values and better social amenities.[7] On the same note, it protects the diversity of different cultures and ethnicities in Kenya by promoting different cultural and linguistic practices of the people of Kenya as seen in Article 44.[8] The Bill of Rights ensures fundamental rights of all the people and not just the citizens of the country. It provides resourceful information on the liberties and rights of each and every individual in Kenya including inalienable rights of human dignity and right not to be hel d in slavery or forced labour.[9] Dual citizenship in Article Sixteen ensures the security and development of the people and the country through investment, economic and social growth. For example the Maasai who are divided between the borders of Kenya and Tanzania can benefit from this new law and it paves way to better opportunities for the communities living across the borders. 2.2 Criticisms of a Written Constitution Despite the numerous advantages, written constitutions also have disadvantages. One of them is that they are rigid and inflexible. Chapter Sixteen on the amendment of the constitution outline the directives for amendment. The procedure in the amendment of laws is complex and requires a referendum as in Article 255, a parliamentary initiative in Article 256 or a popular initiative in Article 257. This shows how slow and cumbersome the process of law change is in a written constitution. On the same note, the constitution is a document which makes provision for general laws and most of the times will contain loopholes which have to be corrected or improved on in certain areas. In Article 140 on the Questions as to the validity of Presidential Elections, the constitution does not have a procedure on how to resolve any possible controversy that may occur if there is no clear simple majority winner in the Presidential Election.[10] A written constitution more often than not, is imp ractical. On gender equality in Article 27 (8) of the constitution where two-thirds of the elected members shall be of the same gender, the controversy that comes into play is that it is difficult to design a formula that ensures that the National Assembly follows the two-thirds gender rule.Article 97 restricts the membership of the National Assembly to 290 members whereas Article 81 states that not more than two-thirds of the members of elective public bodies should be of the same gender. [11] 2.3 UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Outlook on the Unwritten Constitution An unwritten constitution is based on the norms and customs, values, culture, ideals, historical practices and legal systems that a nation identifies with.[12] In the UK, the constitution is a set of historical documents, statutes, decrees, conventions, ancient customs and royal prerogatives which include the Magna Carta (1215), the Bill of Rights (1689), and the European Communities Act (1972). [13] Parliamentary sovereignty is commonly regarded as the defining principle of the British Constitution.[14]Other countries with unwritten constitution apart from the UK are Israel and New Zealand. New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitution is a reflection of the Constitution Act 1986 that describes its system of government and the Treaty of Waitangi, the founding document of New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Government.[15] In unwritten law, the ability of the Common Law to be retroactive in decision making to new situations is outlined as one of its principle strengths. Unwritten laws are not the subjective views of judges but they are determined by legal reasoning. The conventions, rules and norms of the society are under the courtà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s jurisdiction to apply.[16] Another point in Britainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s favour for unwritten laws is that the written laws are in broad general terms that are meant to be applicable in a wide variety of situations that by and large do not encompass all the factors or anticipate future occurrences.[17] It is also described as a fair system which is the principle ancient customs of the people as it fits into their nature and disposition by helping in perfection of the Acts of Parliament as their principle constitutional and sovereign law.[18] However, there are downsides to the unwritten constitution as well. The critics claim that the law must be known before its application and unwritten constitutional norms dishonour this principle. For example the Magna Carta is seen as the first foundational text designed to provide written guarantees of fundamental principles which the Common Law utilised and supplemented these principles by case law.[19] It is also viewed as undemocratic because judges are not elected by the public and as members of the elite; their decisions are highly in favour of the rich and undermine the rights of the minority and vulnerable groups. On the same note, Judges being the ones who derive content to unwritten laws are mostly accused of usurping the functions of Parliament as the body responsible for law making. [20] In unwritten constitutions it is difficult to know what the Stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s constitution really is and it is quicker in making changes to the unwritten constitutions than the written constitutions. This is because written constitutions are considered as a supreme law against which legislature can be examined and amended by elaborate procedures.[21] 3 Conclusion To sum up, in all aspects a constitution whether written or unwritten is the fundamental principle in the governance of a country towards its development and growth. It defines the state objectives and laws. We have seen the different types of the constitutions and their advantages or disadvantages. In our perspective, the type of constitution used by a country largely depends on social and economic factors as well as the level of development of the people. We feel that for Kenya, the current constitution reflects the need for the people, fosters better development and economic growth and opportunities for Kenyans. On the negative aspects cited, perhaps the antidote is for experts in constitutional law to keep revising and perfecting the laws to make them more adaptable to social change and development. 4 Bibliography 4.1 Primary Sources The Constitution of Kenya The Judicature Act Cap. 8 Laws of Kenya 4.2 Secondary Sources à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kenyas New Constitution Benefits Indigenous Peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Cultural Survival, 10 August 2010) lt;https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/kenyas-new-constitution-benefits-indigenous-peoplesgt; accessed 10 March 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the UK Constitution?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢lt;https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitutiongt;accessed 5 March 2014 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢lt;https://gg.govt.nz/role/constofnz.htmgt; accessed 5 March 2014 Kenya Country Constitutional Profileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Constitution Net lt;https://www.constitutionnet.org/country/kenya-country-constitutional-profilegt; accessed 7 March 2014 Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Dictionary (9th edn, West 2009). Kadida J, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kenya: Attorney General Rushes to Seal Election Law Loopholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (The Star, 10 October 2012) lt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201210110139.htmlgt; accessed 10 Ma rch 2014 McLachlin B, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unwritten Constitutional Principles: What is going on?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) 4 NZJPIL 147 Sihanya B, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Constitutional implementation in Kenya, 2010-2015: Challenges and prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Revised 5 December 2012) lt;https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kenia/09857.pdfgt; accessed 10 March 2014 The Editors of EncyclopÃÆ' ¦dia Britannica, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cuneiform lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, EncyclopÃÆ' ¦dia Britannica Online.(2014)lt;https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146555/cuneiform-law#ref718884gt; accessed 5 March 2014 Walters M, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Written Constitutions and Unwritten Constitutionalismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Grant Huscroft (ed), Expounding the Constitution; Essays in Constitutional Theory (Cambridge University Press 2014) 5 Appendix 5.1 Images of the Code of Hammurabi Figure 1 The Code of Hammurabi.It shows the king before the god Shamash, displayed in the Louvre, Paris. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica Figure 2 Inscriptions of the Hammurabi Code in 1758 BC in the Akkadian Language. Source: Encyclopedia Britannica 5.2 Preamble of Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitution, 2010 Figure 1 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" The Preamble of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 outlines the objectives of the constitution. The 1963 Constitution has no Preamble. 5.3 Research Techniques Meeting 1: Brainstorming on what is a constitution, different approaches to the question, objectives of the Question, draw an outline for the topic and Summary of Points. Meeting 2: General Research. Each member had to do a general research on the constitution and how it governs a country. Identifying secondary sources in internet search engines and Newspapers on the constitution, identifying examples for comparative analysis. A comparative analysis was done between Kenyaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s written constitution and UKà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s unwritten constitution. Developing a hypothesis and formulating an argument by answering the objectives of the question. Duty List: Sub division of duties and activities to be done according to individual strengths. Daniel: Introduction, Definition, History, Examples. Word count 250 Rachel and Joan: Advantages, Examples. Word Count 1000 Emmanuel: Disadvantages Examples. Word Count 500 Marcus: Conclusion, Bibliography, Examples. Word count 200 Swabra: Examples, overall content, Research Techniques, Editing, proof reading and final copy of the essay. Meeting 3: Submission of drafts by each member. Verifying validity and reliability of sources and correctness of information: all sources verified for authenticity, currency and authority. References: Checking for consistency with OSCOLA 4th edition. Meeting 4: Critique, Review, Re-editing and Mock Presentation. [1]constitution, Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Dictionary (9th edn, West 2009). [2]The Editors of EncyclopÃÆ' ¦dia Britannica, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"cuneiform lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, EncyclopÃÆ' ¦dia Britannica Online. (2014) lt;https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/146555/cuneiform-law#ref718884gt; accessed 5March 2014 [3]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kenya Country Constitutional Profileà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, ConstitutionNetlt;https://www.constitutionnet.org/country/kenya-country-constitutional-profilegt; accessed 7 March 2014 [4]Beverley McLachlin, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Unwritten Constitutional Principles: What is going on?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (2006) 4 NZJPIL 147 [5] Constitution of Kenya, A.10(2) (a) to (d) [6] Constitution of Kenya, A.2 (5) (6) [7] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kenyas New Constitution Benefits Indigenous Peoplesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Cultural Survival, 10 August 2010) lt;https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/kenya/kenyas-new-constitution-benefits-indigenous-peoplesgt; accessed 1 0 March 2014 [8] Constitution of Kenya, A.44 (1) (3) [9] Constitution of Kenya, Cap.4 [10]Jillo Kadida, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kenya: Attorney General Rushes to Seal Election Law Loopholeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (The Star, 10 October 2012) lt;https://allafrica.com/stories/201210110139.htmlgt; accessed 10 March 2014 [11]Ben Sihanya, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Constitutional implementation in Kenya, 2010-2015: Challenges and prospectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) Revised 5/12/2012) lt;https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/kenia/09857.pdfgt; accessed 10 March 2014 [12]McLachlin (n 4) [13]unwritten constitution, Blackà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Law Dictionary (9th edn, West 2009). [14]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the UK Constitution?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢lt;https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitutiongt; accessed 5 March 2014 [15] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"New Zealandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Constitutionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢lt;https://gg.govt.nz/role/constofnz.htmgt; accessed 5March 2014 [16] McLachlin (n 4) [17]ibid [18]Mark Walters, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Written Constitutions and Unwritten Constitutionalismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in Grant Huscroft (ed), Expounding the Constitution; Essays in Constitutional Theory (Cambridge University Press 2014) ch 10, 245 276 [19] McLachlin (n 12) [20] ibid [21]à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is the UK Constitution?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢lt;https://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/whatis/uk-constitutiongt; accessed 5 March 2014